Layer model
OSI Model Visualizer
See how each layer adds meaning as data moves from an application toward the wire.
Layer stack
Click a layer to see what it adds to the data. Traverse shows a packet moving down the stack.
OSI layers
Encapsulation view
Each layer wraps the payload with the information it needs to deliver it.
Data
application payload
Segment
adds delivery context
Packet
adds delivery context
Frame
adds delivery context
Bits
adds delivery context
Application layer
User-facing network services and application protocols.
Common examples
HTTP
DNS
SMTP
Quick practice
Click Transport, Network, and Data Link. Which layer uses ports, which layer uses IP addresses, and which layer uses frames?